第十六單元 推展段落方法之八——分類法

16．1分類法

分類法（division and classification）是把一事物拆成幾部分，表明這些部分與整體的關(guān)系。通常，作者以總類開頭，然后把總類拆開，——列舉部分或全部分類。

示范段落16－1

There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good library．First，there are books on all subjects，both in English and in many other languages．These books are organized according to subject，title，and author in a central filing system called card catalog．Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks．Second，there are reference materials，which include encyclopedias，dictionaries，bibliographies，atlases，etc．a(chǎn)nd which generally must be used in the library itself．Third，there are periodicals—magazines，news－papers，pamphlets—which are filed alphbetically in racks or which have been micro－filmed to conserve space．Like reference works，periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library．

16．2示范段落分析

主題句：There are three basic kinds of materials that can be foundin any good library．

分類詞（Classifier）：kinds

列舉詞（Listing Signals）：first，second，third

分類（Categories）：1．books on all subjects

2．reference materials

3．periodicals

16．2關(guān)于如何寫分類段落的建議

1）依據(jù)一個原則分類

把一事物分類后，要自始至終遵循同一分類原則。在示范段落16－1，分類原則是“the kinds of materials”。

2）所分類別必須互不包容

在示范段落16－1中，屬于第一類的“books on all subjects”與屬于第二類的“reference materials”界線分明．反之亦然。

3）分類必須完整

如果所分類別不完整，所作的分類則徒勞無益。如上例，所分三種“materials”應(yīng)包括“all materials in a library”。

4）運用熟悉度方法排列

作者經(jīng)常根據(jù)該讀者對所分類別的熟悉程度排列順序。通常先討論讀者最熟悉的，然后逐步討論不熟悉的（關(guān)于熟悉度法見第19單元）。

5）使用分類詞和列舉符號

有經(jīng)驗的作者經(jīng)常使用類詞介紹概類，然后使用列舉符號表明概類中的各分類。在示范段落16－1中，類詞是“kind”，列舉符號是“first，second，third”，下面是經(jīng)常使用的類詞：

kind，type，group，thought，way，class，part，element，factor，aspect，division，characteristic，subdivision，reasons，category，等等。

Exercise 16-1

Directions：Read the following paragraph，find out the topic sentence，the classifier，and the categories．

There are three fundamental human body types—endomorphic，mesomorphic，and ectomorphic．The extreme endomorph combines heavy fat distribution and lack of bony angularity with around face，short neck，wide hips，and heavy limbs．The extreme mesomorph has a solid chest，slender waist，long torso，and relatively short，powerful arms and legs．Extreme ectomorphs are characterized by their slender bodies，short trunks，long arms and legs，long narrow hands and feet，and lack of fat．

Topic Sentence：____________________________________________

Classifier：_____________

Categories：________________________________________________

Exercise 16－2

Directions：Divide the books college students often read into three kinds and describe them one by one．

___________________________________________

Exercise 16-3

Directions：Write a paragraph of division and catagory with the given topic sentence and details．

Topic sentence：A language is made up of many elements

Details：1．sounds 2．words 3．sentences

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